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A cane or vibrant reed is called thus to the traditional instruments that use the same principle of construction of clarinete, that is to say, which is cut or tied to a cylindrical tube directly. One thinks that these instruments are original of old Egypt and from they extended there by all Europe and North Africa. Nevertheless they are not so common in the rest of Africa, Asia and North America, but have been many varieties in the South America.
Fig 1 Reeds 2 basic types of clarinetes are considered (fig 1). " Idioglottal ", in which the reed is cut from the tube. " Heteroglottal ", when the reed is united by means of a fastening. The reed can go in several places of the tube (fig 2). Some times lowest (a) is placed in the part, but it is used most frequently in the end of the tube (b).
Fig 2 Position of the reed As example of clarinete " Idioglottal " (fig 3) we have an instrument of the guajiros Indians in Colombia ( 1 ) in which, a cut in the end of the tube is made downwards, to form its reed and have 4 orifices for the fingers. The instrument number 2 comes from Cyprus, the cut of the reed is upwards and has 2 orifices for the fingers.
Fig 3 idioglotal Clarinets The Bumpa (Fig. 4) is a " Idioglottal " clarinet not very usual of the Alto Volta. For of stem of mijo and one has been having a vibrant cane in a final orifice and another one in a lateral one. In each end a pierced pumpkin and with several orifices ties itself. |
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Fig. 4 Bumpa " Heteroglottal " Clarinets (Fig. 5) was common in Indians of North and South America. For example the Haida (1) of North America that had a reed between two hollowed pieces of cedar wood. Those of Suramérica are of pumpkin and cane (2) and (3), and of pumpkin and bone (4).
Fig. 5 Heteroglottal Clarinet The Hornpipes of one cane or Chirimías (Fig. 6), is in many parts of the world and its construction goes from simple models to others very processed. They consist basically of a cut vibrant reed in a cane tube and to which a cow horn adapts in its end (1). Chirimías more processed has holes for the fingers, an additional horn to protect the mouthpiece and more of one tube. The Welsh Pibcorn (2) fell in disuse in century XVIII.
Fig 6 Hornpipe and pibcorn In the following drawing we see a reed of chirimía protected by a horn (Fig. 7). |
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Fig. 7 Chirimia protected by horn The Basque Alboka (1) had 2 cane tubes, a wood handle and horn in each end. Moroccan double Chirimia (2) had two tubes, each one adapted in its end to a cow horn. Obsolete Scottish Stock-and-horn (3) had a tube of bone or wood and a horn in its end (Fig. 8).
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Fig. 8 Chirimias MultipleClarinets. The way of play wind instruments in pairs took to the development of doubles, triples and until quadruple clarinets in some parts of the world, but with greater importance in the countries of the Arabic peninsula. Despite are examples in other parts like the Balkan Mountains, India, Cerdeña and Sur America. The combination between melodía and the humming of the cane often are found in these instruments.The Tiktiri is a double clarinet that is in all India (Fig. 9). It has two inserted cane tubes within a pumpkin that makes the times of mouthpiece and air chamber. This instrument produces strange melodías that popularly is associated with the art to enchant serpents.
Fig. 9 Tiktiri |
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The Diple Surle (1) had two inserted divergent types of cane in a mouthpiece of wood horn (Fig.10). The Diplice (2) had a traditional scenery in the horn of the mouthpiece and two carved tubes of a wood piece. Clarinet united by leather (3) had two tubes of different lengths.
Fig. 10 Multiple Clarinets |
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The Camayura Indians of the Brazil play the Urua (Fig. 11), double clarinet of great size which takes control of two canes of different length and one reed carved on the same body (Idioglottal). In the rituals, the longest tube is considered male and shortest female.
Fig. 11 Urua |
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The Launeddas Cerdeñas (1) has two melodics tubes and a longer resonant tube (fig 12). The Egyptian double clarinet (2) and the Arghul (3) also have resonators. The example of old Egypt (4), the Tunisian Zumara (5) and Palestinian clarinet (6) have two equal tubes.
Fig. 12 Multiples Clarinets 2 |
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